J Nutr. 2004 May;134(5):1058-63.
A sodium-rich carbonated mineral
water reduces cardiovascular risk in postmenopausal women.
Schoppen S, Pérez-Granados AM, Carbajal
A, Oubiña P, Sánchez-Muniz FJ, Gómez-Gerique JA, Vaquero MP.
Department of Metabolism and Nutrition,
Instituto del Frío, Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Madrid,
Spain. sschoppen@if.csic.es
This study was designed to investigate the possible
beneficial effects of consuming a sodium-rich carbonated mineral water on
lipoprotein metabolism and to determine whether consumption of this water
influences endothelial dysfunction (ED) in postmenopausal women. Women
included in the study were amenorrheic (>1 y), healthy, and not obese (BMI <
30 kg/m(2)). The subjects did not take estrogen replacement therapy;
supplements of vitamins, minerals, and phytoestrogens; or other medications
known to affect bone and lipid metabolism. The study consisted of 2
intervention periods of 2 mo each, during which women drank 1 L/d of a
control mineral water (low mineral content) for 2 mo followed by the
carbonated mineral water, rich in sodium, bicarbonate, and chloride, for 2
mo. Body weight, height, and blood pressure were measured, and BMI was
calculated. Blood samples were taken from fasting subjects and serum was
analyzed for total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol,
triacylglycerols, apolipoprotein AI, apolipoprotein B, soluble intercellular
cell adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1), soluble vascular cell adhesion
molecule-1 (sVCAM-1), and glucose. Blood pressure levels did not change
throughout the study. Carbonated water intake decreased total cholesterol
and LDL-cholesterol levels by 6.8% (P = 0.001) and 14.8% (P < 0.0001),
respectively, whereas HDL-cholesterol concentration increased by 8.7% (P =
0.018), compared to the control period. Therefore, cardiovascular disease (CVD)
risk indexes (total cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol)
were markedly reduced (both P < 0.0001). Soluble ICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 levels
decreased by 8.4% (P = 0.007) and 14.8% (P = 0.015), respectively. Fasting
serum glucose concentration decreased by 6.7% (P < 0.0001). Triacylglycerol
levels did not change. Consumption of this sodium rich carbonated water can
play a beneficial role in the prevention of CVD and the metabolic syndrome.
PMID: 15113945 [PubMed - indexed for
MEDLINE]
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Br J Nutr. 2005 Mar;93(3):339-44.
Bone remodelling is not affected
by consumption of a sodium-rich carbonated mineral water in healthy
postmenopausal women.
Schoppen S, Pérez-Granados AM, Carbajal
A, de la Piedra C, Pilar Vaquero M.
Department of Metabolism and Nutrition,
Instituto del Frío, Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), C/José
Antonio Novais 10, 28040-Madrid, Spain. sschoppen@if.csic.es
This study was designed to investigate the possible
effects of consuming Na-rich carbonated mineral water on bone remodelling
and urinary mineral excretion in postmenopausal women. Women (n 18) included
were amenorrhoeic (>1 year), healthy and not obese (BMI <30 kg/m2). No woman
was taking oestrogen replacement therapy, mineral and vitamin supplements,
phyto-oestrogens or medications known to affect bone and lipid metabolism.
In two consecutive interventions that lasted 8 weeks each, women drank 1
litre of control mineral water daily and 1 litre of carbonated mineral
water, rich in Na, HCO3- and Cl-, daily. Body weight and height were
measured, BMI was calculated and blood pressure was measured. Blood samples
were taken from fasting subjects and serum obtained to analyse the
biochemical bone markers, procollagen I amino-terminal propeptide (PINP) and
beta-carboxy-terminal telopeptide of collagen (beta-CTX). At the end of each
period, 24 h urine samples were collected to determine Ca, Mg, P, Na+, K+,
Cl-, urine excretion and urinary pH. No changes in body weight, BMI or blood
pressure were observed during the experimental period. Ca excretion was
lower after the intake of carbonated water than after intake of the control
water (P=0.037) while P excretion was higher (P=0.015). Total urine, Na and
Cl- excretion did not differ between the two periods but urinary pH was
increased after the intake of carbonated mineral water. PINP and beta-CTX
did not differ between the two periods. Daily consumption of 1 litre of
Na-rich carbonated mineral water for 8 weeks does not affect bone
remodelling in healthy postmenopausal women.
PMID: 15877873 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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Br J Nutr. 2005 Oct;94(4):582-7.
Sodium bicarbonated mineral water
decreases postprandial lipaemia in postmenopausal women compared to a low
mineral water.
Schoppen S, Pérez-Granados AM, Carbajal
A, Sarriá B, Sánchez-Muniz FJ, Gómez-Gerique JA, Pilar Vaquero M.
Department of Metabolism and Nutrition,
Instituto del Frío, Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), C/José
Antonio Novais, 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain. sschopen@if.csic.es
The role of bicarbonated mineral waters on lipid
metabolism and lipoprotein concentrations in man has scarcely been
investigated. The present study aimed to investigate whether drinking sodium
bicarbonated mineral water affects postprandial cholesterol and
triacylglycerol metabolism in postmenopausal women. In a three-way,
randomised, crossover study, eighteen healthy postmenopausal women consumed
two sodium bicarbonated mineral waters (bicarbonated mineral water 1 and
bicarbonated mineral water 2) and a low mineral water (500 ml of each) with
a standard fat-rich meal (4552 kJ; 75.3 g fat). The bicarbonated waters were
rich in sodium and bicarbonate and bicarbonated mineral water 1 contained
5.7 times more fluoride than bicarbonated mineral water 2. Fasting blood
samples and postprandial blood samples were taken at 30, 60, 120, 240, 360
and 420 min after the end of the meal consumption. Cholesterol and
triacylglycerols were determined in serum and chylomicrons. A significant
water consumption effect was observed in the total area under the curve (TAUC)
of serum and chylomicron triacylglycerols (ANOVA, P=0.008 and P=0.027,
respectively). TAUC of serum triacylglycerols for bicarbonated mineral water
2 was significantly lower compared to low mineral water (Bonferroni,
P=0.039). Peak concentration of serum triacylglycerols showed a significant
water effect (P=0.025). Changes in chylomicron cholesterol were not
significantly affected by the type of water. Bicarbonated mineral waters 1
and 2 did not show any significant differences. Drinking sodium
bicarbonate-rich mineral waters reduces postprandial lipaemia in healthy
postmenopausal women compared to drinking a low mineral water.
PMID: 16197584 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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J Nutr Biochem. 2003 Sep;14(9):492-506.
Dietary minerals and modification
of cardiovascular risk factors.
Vaskonen T.
Institute of Biomedicine, University of
Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. timo.vaskonen@helsinki.fi
High serum cholesterol, hypertension and obesity are
major risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, and together with insulin
resistance form a deadly disorder referred to as the metabolic syndrome. All
the aspects of this syndrome are strongly related to dietary and lifestyle
factors; therefore, it would be reasonable to look for dietary approaches to
their modification. Mineral nutrients, such as calcium, potassium and
magnesium, lower blood pressure, and especially calcium has beneficial
effects also on serum lipids. Recent evidence suggests that increased intake
of calcium may help in weight control as well. This review summarizes
previous literature on the effects and use of dietary minerals on serum
lipids, blood pressure and obesity, with specific focus on the effects of
calcium. Calcium and magnesium as divalent cations can form insoluble soaps
with fatty acids in the intestine and thus prevent the absorption of part of
the dietary fat. Decreased absorption of saturated fat leads to reduction in
serum cholesterol level via decreased production of VLDL and increased
intake of LDL in the liver. Dietary calcium may also bind bile acids, which
increases the conversion of cholesterol to bile acids in the liver.
Furthermore, calcium appears to enhance the cholesterol-lowering effect of
plant sterols. Thus, dietary combination of the mineral nutrients and plant
sterols provides a promising novel approach to the modification of
cardiovascular risk factors.
PMID: 14505811 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]